关于糖尿病的系统知识库 —— 病理生理、诊断、治疗与药物研发前沿A knowledge base on diabetes — pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and drug development frontiers
系统整理糖尿病相关的病理生理、分型与诊断、药物治疗、日常管理以及 2024–2026 年最新临床进展。所有内容均标注权威来源（ADA、EASD、NEJM、Nature、PubMed 等）， 面向临床医生、研究者与药物研发团队使用。
A structured overview of diabetes pathophysiology, classification and diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, daily management, and the latest clinical advances of 2024–2026. Every item is referenced to authoritative sources (ADA, EASD, NEJM, Nature, PubMed, etc.), designed for clinicians, researchers, and drug-development teams.
知识体系分为六大模块，从分型诊断到最新临床试验，再到药物研发的靶点与管线。
The knowledge base is organized into six modules — from classification and diagnosis to the latest clinical trials, and on to drug-development targets and pipelines.
从 ADA 2026 标准更新、Vertex 干细胞 III 期到 Lilly retatrutide III 期数据， 2025–2026 年是糖尿病治疗史上变化最快的一年。
From the ADA 2026 Standards update to Vertex's phase III stem-cell data and Lilly's retatrutide phase III readouts, 2025–2026 has been the fastest-moving period in the history of diabetes treatment.
2026 版 ADA 标准取消了 1 型糖尿病启动自动胰岛素输送（AID）的多项限制 （包括 C-肽水平、自身抗体、胰岛素治疗时长），并首次推荐 GLP-1 类药物用于 合并肥胖的 T1D 患者。
The 2026 ADA Standards removed several restrictions on initiating automated insulin delivery (AID) in type 1 diabetes (including C-peptide level, autoantibodies, and duration of insulin therapy), and for the first time recommend GLP-1 drugs for T1D patients with comorbid obesity.
来源：Source: ADA Press Release, Dec 2025 · Diabetes Care 2026
FORWARD 试验更新数据（ADA 2025）：全剂量组 10/10 患者一年后无需外源性胰岛素， 时间在范围内（TIR）> 90%。Vertex 计划 2026 年向 FDA / EMA / MHRA 提交注册申请。
Updated FORWARD trial data (ADA 2025): 10/10 patients in the full-dose group were free of exogenous insulin at one year, with time in range (TIR) > 90%. Vertex plans to file for registration with the FDA / EMA / MHRA in 2026.
来源：Source: Vertex Newsroom, Jun 2025 · CGTLive
Eli Lilly 的 retatrutide 在 40 周时使 HbA1c 平均下降 1.7%–2.0%，最高剂量组减重 16.8%（约 36.6 磅）。 TRIUMPH 项目下另有 6 项 III 期研究预计 2026 年底前读出。
Eli Lilly's retatrutide lowered HbA1c by an average of 1.7%–2.0% at 40 weeks, with 16.8% weight loss (about 36.6 lb) in the highest-dose group. Six further phase III studies under the TRIUMPH program are expected to read out before the end of 2026.
来源：Source: CNBC, Mar 2026 · BioSpace
Lilly 的 orforglipron（商品名 Foundayo）作为首个口服小分子 GLP-1RA 于 2026 年 4 月获 FDA 批准， ATTAIN-1 III 期试验中减重达 14.7%；A1C 降幅优于司美格鲁肽与达格列净（头对头）。
Lilly's orforglipron (brand name Foundayo), the first oral small-molecule GLP-1RA, was approved by the FDA in April 2026, with 14.7% weight loss in the ATTAIN-1 phase III trial; its A1C reduction was superior to semaglutide and dapagliflozin (head-to-head).
来源：Source: GoodRx, 2026 · IQVIA Outlook 2026
本知识库的目标之一是为糖尿病新药研发提供结构化参考。每个模块均关注：
One goal of this knowledge base is to provide a structured reference for diabetes drug development. Each module focuses on: